וַיִּשְׁלַח הַמֶּלֶךְ וַיַּאַסְפוּ אֵלָיו כָּל־זִקְנֵי יְהוּדָה וִירוּשָׁלִָם׃ 23:1
2Kin 23:1 And the king sent, and they gathered to him all the elders of Judah and Jerusalem.
וַיַּעַל הַמֶּלֶךְ בֵּית־יְהוָה וְכָל־אִישׁ יְהוּדָה וְכָל־יֹשְׁבֵי יְרוּשָׁלִַם אִתּוֹ וְהַכֹּהֲנִים וְהַנְּבִיאִים וְכָל־הָעָם 23:2
לְמִקָּטֹן וְעַד־גָּדוֹל וַיִּקְרָא בְאָזְנֵיהֶם אֶת־כָּל־דִּבְרֵי סֵפֶר הַבְּרִית הַנִּמְצָא בְּבֵית יְהוָה׃
2Kin 23:2 And the king went up to the house of the Lord, and every one of Judah and all the inhabitants of Jerusalem were with him, and the priests and the prophets and all the people from the least and up to the greatest, and he read in their ears all the words of the scroll of the covenant that had been found in the house of the Lord. [Return to 2Chr. 34:30]
וַיַּעֲמֹד הַמֶּלֶךְ עַל־הָעַמּוּד וַיִּכְרֹת אֶת־הַבְּרִית לִפְנֵי יְהוָה לָלֶכֶת אַחַר יְהוָה וְלִשְׁמֹר מִצְוֺתָיו 23:3 וְאֶת־עֵדְוֺתָיו וְאֶת־חֻקֹּתָיו בְּכָל־לֵב וּבְכָל־נֶפֶשׁ לְהָקִים אֶת־דִּבְרֵי הַבְּרִית הַזֹּאת הַכְּתֻבִים עַל־הַסֵּפֶר הַזֶּה וַיַּעֲמֹד כָּל־הָעָם בַּבְּרִית׃
2Kin 23:3 And the king stood on the platform and made a covenant before the Lord to walk after the Lord and to keep His commandments and His testimonies and His statutes with a whole heart and a whole soul, to confirm the words of that covenant written on that scroll, and the entire people abided with the covenant. [Return to 2Chr. 34:31]
וַיְצַו הַמֶּלֶךְ אֶת־חִלְקִיָּהוּ הַכֹּהֵן הַגָּדוֹל וְאֶת־כֹּהֲנֵי הַמִּשְׁנֶה וְאֶת־שֹׁמְרֵי הַסַּף לְהוֹצִיא מֵהֵיכַל יְהוָה 23:4 אֵת כָּל־הַכֵּלִים הָעֲשׂוּיִם לַבַּעַל וְלָאֲשֵׁרָה וּלְכֹל צְבָא הַשָּׁמָיִם וַיִּשְׂרְפֵם מִחוּץ לִירוּשָׁלִַם בְּשַׁדְמוֹת קִדְרוֹן וְנָשָׂא אֶת־עֲפָרָם בֵּית־אֵל׃
2Kin 23:4 And the king commanded Hilkiah, the high priest, and the priests of the second order, and the keepers of the door, to bring forth from the Temple of the Lord all the vessels that had been made for Baal and for the Asherah and for the whole host of heaven, and he burned them on the outside of Jerusalem in the fields of Kidron and carried their ashes to Beth-el.
וְהִשְׁבִּית אֶת־הַכְּמָרִים אֲשֶׁר נָתְנוּ מַלְכֵי יְהוּדָה וַיְקַטֵּר בַּבָּמוֹת בְּעָרֵי יְהוּדָה וּמְסִבֵּי יְרוּשָׁלִָם 23:5 וְאֶת־הַמְקַטְּרִים לַבַּעַל לַשֶּׁמֶשׁ וְלַיָּרֵחַ וְלַמַּזָּלוֹת וּלְכֹל צְבָא הַשָּׁמָיִם׃
2Kin 23:5 And he would put an end to the idolatrous priests whom the kings of Judah had appointed that he shut in at the high places in the cities of Judah and the places around Jerusalem and those who were offering to Baal, to the sun and to the moon and to the planets and to the entire host of heaven.
וַיֹּצֵא אֶת־הָאֲשֵׁרָה מִבֵּית יְהוָה מִחוּץ לִירוּשָׁלִַם אֶל־נַחַל קִדְרוֹן וַיִּשְׂרֹף אֹתָהּ בְּנַחַל קִדְרוֹן וַיָּדֶק 23:6 לְעָפָר וַיַּשְׁלֵךְ אֶת־עֲפָרָהּ עַל־קֶבֶר בְּנֵי הָעָם׃
2Kin 23:6 And he brought out the Asherah from the house of the Lord to the outskirts of Jerusalem to the brook Kidron and burned it by the brook Kidron and crushed to dust. Then he cast the dust over the graves of the children of the people.
וַיִּתֹּץ אֶת־בָּתֵּי הַקְּדֵשִׁים אֲשֶׁר בְּבֵית יְהוָה אֲשֶׁר הַנָּשִׁים אֹרְגוֹת שָׁם בָּתִּים לָאֲשֵׁרָה׃ 23:7
2Kin 23:7 And he threw down the houses of the Sodomites that were in the house of the Lord in which the women had been weaving hangings there for the Asherah.
וַיָּבֵא אֶת־כָּל־הַכֹּהֲנִים מֵעָרֵי יְהוּדָה וַיְטַמֵּא אֶת־הַבָּמוֹת אֲשֶׁר קִטְּרוּ־שָׁמָּה הַכֹּהֲנִים מִגֶּבַע עַד־בְּאֵר 23:8 שָׁבַע וְנָתַץ אֶת־בָּמוֹת הַשְּׁעָרִים אֲשֶׁר־פֶּתַח שַׁעַר יְהוֹשֻׁעַ שַׂר־הָעִיר אֲשֶׁר־עַל־שְׂמֹאול אִישׁ בְּשַׁעַר הָעִיר׃
2Kin 23:8 And he brought all the priests from the cities of Judah and pronounced the high places unclean where the priests had offered there, from Geba to Beer-sheba, and he would break down the high places of the gates that were at the entrance of the gate of Joshua, governor of the city, that was on one’s left at the gate of the city.
אַךְ לֹא יַעֲלוּ כֹּהֲנֵי הַבָּמוֹת אֶל־מִזְבַּח יְהוָה בִּירוּשָׁלִָם כִּי אִם־אָכְלוּ מַצּוֹת בְּתוֹךְ אֲחֵיהֶם׃ 23:9
2Kin 23:9 Only the priests of the high places did not come up to the altar of the Lord in Jerusalem, but they ate only unleavened bread in the midst of their brethren.
וְטִמֵּא אֶת־הַתֹּפֶת אֲשֶׁר בְּגֵי (בני)־[בֶן]־הִנֹּם לְבִלְתִּי לְהַעֲבִיר אִישׁ אֶת־בְּנוֹ וְאֶת־בִּתּוֹ בָּאֵשׁ לַמֹּלֶךְ׃ 23:10
2Kin 23:10 And he would declare Topheth unclean, which is in the valley of the son of Hinnom, so that none would be passing his son or his daughter into the fire for Molech.
This verse is an astonishment! The children of Israel were indeed casting their children into the fire for Molech. Despite its distance from the Torah, this verse provides indisputably strong evidence that Levi. 18:21 has nothing to do with masturbation.
Besides this monumental discovery, there is also the word in parentheses; it is spelled in the plural form, the sons of [Hinnom]. According to 2Chr 33:6, where some of this verse is repeated, the spelling should be singular. The corrected form is in the brackets.
וַיַּשְׁבֵּת אֶת־הַסּוּסִים אֲשֶׁר נָתְנוּ מַלְכֵי יְהוּדָה לַשֶּׁמֶשׁ מִבֹּא בֵית־יְהוָה אֶל־לִשְׁכַּת נְתַן־מֶלֶךְ הַסָּרִיס 23:11 אֲשֶׁר בַּפַּרְוָרִים וְאֶת־מַרְכְּבוֹת הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ שָׂרַף בָּאֵשׁ׃
2Kin 23:11 And he destroyed the horses that the kings of Judah had given to the sun from the entrance of the house of the Lord to the chamber of Nethan-melech, the officer, which was in the precincts, and he burned the chariots of the sun in the fire.
וְאֶת־הַמִּזְבְּחוֹת אֲשֶׁר עַל־הַגָּג עֲלִיַּת אָחָז אֲשֶׁר־עָשׂוּ מַלְכֵי יְהוּדָה וְאֶת־הַמִּזְבְּחוֹת אֲשֶׁר־עָשָׂה 23:12 מְנַשֶּׁה בִּשְׁתֵּי חַצְרוֹת בֵּית־יְהוָה נָתַץ הַמֶּלֶךְ וַיָּרָץ מִשָּׁם וְהִשְׁלִיךְ אֶת־עֲפָרָם אֶל־נַחַל קִדְרוֹן׃
2Kin 23:12 And the altars that were on the roof of the upper chamber of Ahaz, which the kings of Judah had made, and the altars that Manasseh had made in the two courts of the house of the Lord the king beat down and brought quickly from there so he could cast their dust into the brook Kidron.
וְאֶת־הַבָּמוֹת אֲשֶׁר עַל־פְּנֵי יְרוּשָׁלִַם אֲשֶׁר מִימִין לְהַר־הַמַּשְׁחִית אֲשֶׁר בָּנָה שְׁלֹמֹה מֶלֶךְ־יִשְׂרָאֵל 23:13 לְעַשְׁתֹּרֶת שִׁקֻּץ צִידֹנִים וְלִכְמוֹשׁ שִׁקֻּץ מוֹאָב וּלְמִלְכֹּם תּוֹעֲבַת בְּנֵי־עַמּוֹן טִמֵּא הַמֶּלֶךְ׃
2Kin 23:13 And the high places that were in front of Jerusalem, which were at the right side of the mount of corruption, that Solomon, king of Israel, had built for Ashteroth, the abomination of the Zidonians, and for Chemosh, the abomination of Moab, and for Milcom, the abominable idol of the children of Ammon, the king pronounced unclean.
וְשִׁבַּר אֶת־הַמַּצֵּבוֹת וַיִּכְרֹת אֶת־הָאֲשֵׁרִים וַיְמַלֵּא אֶת־מְקוֹמָם עַצְמוֹת אָדָם׃ 23:14
2Kin 23:14 And he broke down the columns and he cut down the Asherim and filled bones of men in their places.
וְגַם אֶת־הַמִּזְבֵּחַ אֲשֶׁר בְּבֵית־אֵל הַבָּמָה אֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה יָרָבְעָם בֶּן־נְבָט אֲשֶׁר הֶחֱטִיא אֶת־יִשְׂרָאֵל גַּם 23:15 אֶת־הַמִּזְבֵּחַ הַהוּא וְאֶת־הַבָּמָה נָתָץ וַיִּשְׂרֹף אֶת־הַבָּמָה הֵדַק לְעָפָר וְשָׂרַף אֲשֵׁרָה׃
2Kin 23:15 And also the altar that was in Beth-el of the high place, that Jeroboam son of Nebat had made, who had made Israel to sin, even that altar and high place he broke down. And he burned the high place, crushing to dust, and would burn the Asherah.
וַיִּפֶן יֹאשִׁיָּהוּ וַיַּרְא אֶת־הַקְּבָרִים אֲשֶׁר־שָׁם בָּהָר וַיִּשְׁלַח וַיִּקַּח אֶת־הָעֲצָמוֹת מִן־הַקְּבָרִים וַיִּשְׂרֹף 23:16 עַל־הַמִּזְבֵּחַ וַיְטַמְּאֵהוּ כִּדְבַר יְהוָה אֲשֶׁר קָרָא אִישׁ הָאֱלֹהִים אֲשֶׁר קָרָא אֶת־הַדְּבָרִים הָאֵלֶּה׃
2Kin 23:16 And Josiah turned and saw the sepulchers that were there on the mount, and he sent and got the bones from the sepulchers and burned on the altar, so he defiled it, according to the word of the Lord that the man of God had proclaimed who had read these words.
וַיֹּאמֶר מָה הַצִּיּוּן הַלָּז אֲשֶׁר אֲנִי רֹאֶה וַיֹּאמְרוּ אֵלָיו אַנְשֵׁי הָעִיר הַקֶּבֶר אִישׁ־הָאֱלֹהִים אֲשֶׁר־בָּא 23:17 מִיהוּדָה וַיִּקְרָא אֶת־הַדְּבָרִים הָאֵלֶּה אֲשֶׁר עָשִׂיתָ עַל הַמִּזְבַּח בֵּית־אֵל׃
2Kin 23:17 Then he said, “What is that monument that I am seeing?” And the men of the city said to him, “It is the sepulcher of the man of God who came from Judah who had proclaimed these things that you have done concerning the altar of Beth-el.”
This verse is referring back to the narrative of 1Kin. 13:1 and 13:2.
וַיֹּאמֶר הַנִּיחוּ לוֹ אִישׁ אַל־יָנַע עַצְמֹתָיו וַיְמַלְּטוּ עַצְמֹתָיו אֵת עַצְמוֹת הַנָּבִיא אֲשֶׁר־בָּא מִשֹּׁמְרוֹן׃ 23:18
2Kin 23:18 And he said, “Let his stay. One should not move his bones.” So they let his bones alone, with the bones of a prophet who had come from Samaria.
וְגַם אֶת־כָּל־בָּתֵּי הַבָּמֹות אֲשֶׁר בְּעָרֵי שֹׁמְרֹון אֲשֶׁר עָשׂוּ מַלְכֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל לְהַכְעִיס הֵסִיר 23:19
יֹאשִׁיָּהוּ וַיַּעַשׂ לָהֶם כְּכָל־הַמַּעֲשִׂים אֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה בְּבֵית־אֵל׃
2Kin 23:19 And also all the houses of the high places that were in the cities of Samaria that the kings of Israel had made, provoking, Josiah removed, and he did to them the same as all the acts that he had done in Beth-el.
וַיִּזְבַּח אֶת־כָּל־כֹּהֲנֵי הַבָּמוֹת אֲשֶׁר־שָׁם עַל־הַמִּזְבְּחוֹת וַיִּשְׂרֹף אֶת־עַצְמוֹת אָדָם עֲלֵיהֶם וַיָּשָׁב 23:20 יְרוּשָׁלִָם׃
2Kin 23:20 And he slew all the priests of the high places who were there by the altars and he burned the bones of men on them. Then he returned to Jerusalem.
וַיְצַו הַמֶּלֶךְ אֶת־כָּל־הָעָם לֵאמֹר עֲשׂוּ פֶסַח לַיהוָה אֱלֹהֵיכֶם כַּכָּתוּב עַל סֵפֶר הַבְּרִית הַזֶּה׃ 23:21
2Kin 23:21 And the king commanded all the people saying, “Keep the Passover for the Lord, your God, like it is written on this scroll of the covenant.”
כִּי לֹא נַעֲשָׂה כַּפֶּסַח הַזֶּה מִימֵי הַשֹּׁפְטִים אֲשֶׁר שָׁפְטוּ אֶת־יִשְׂרָאֵל וְכֹל יְמֵי מַלְכֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וּמַלְכֵי 23:22 יְהוּדָה׃
2Kin 23:22 For such a Passover as this there had not been kept since the days of the judges who judged Israel or all the days of the kings of Israel or the kings of Judah,
כִּי אִם־בִּשְׁמֹנֶה עֶשְׂרֵה שָׁנָה לַמֶּלֶךְ יֹאשִׁיָּהוּ נַעֲשָׂה הַפֶּסַח הַזֶּה לַיהוָה בִּירוּשָׁלִָם׃ 23:23
2Kin 23:23 but only in the eighteenth year for king Josiah this Passover for the Lord was kept in Jerusalem. [Return to 2Chr. 35:1]
וְגַם אֶת־הָאֹבוֹת וְאֶת־הַיִּדְּעֹנִים וְאֶת־הַתְּרָפִים וְאֶת־הַגִּלֻּלִים וְאֵת כָּל־הַשִּׁקֻּצִים אֲשֶׁר נִרְאוּ בְּאֶרֶץ 23:24 יְהוּדָה וּבִירוּשָׁלִַם בִּעֵר יֹאשִׁיָּהוּ לְמַעַן הָקִים אֶת־דִּבְרֵי הַתּוֹרָה הַכְּתֻבִים עַל־הַסֵּפֶר אֲשֶׁר מָצָא חִלְקִיָּהוּ הַכֹּהֵן בֵּית יְהוָה׃
2Kin 23:24 And also the necromancers and the diviners and the teraphim and the idols and all the detestable things that had been seen in the land of Judah and in Jerusalem Josiah took away for the sake of upholding the words of the Torah written on the scroll that Hilkiah, the priest, found in the house of the Lord.
וְכָמֹהוּ לֹא־הָיָה לְפָנָיו מֶלֶךְ אֲשֶׁר־שָׁב אֶל־יְהוָה בְּכָל־לְבָבוֹ וּבְכָל־נַפְשׁוֹ וּבְכָל־מְאֹדוֹ כְּכֹל תּוֹרַת 23:25 מֹשֶׁה וְאַחֲרָיו לֹא־קָם כָּמֹהוּ׃
2Kin 23:25 And there was not a king such as him before him who turned to the Lord with all his heart and with all his soul and with all his might according to all the Torah of Moses, and after him there did not arise any such as him.
אַךְ לֹא־שָׁב יְהוָה מֵחֲרוֹן אַפּוֹ הַגָּדוֹל אֲשֶׁר־חָרָה אַפּוֹ בִּיהוּדָה עַל כָּל־הַכְּעָסִים אֲשֶׁר הִכְעִיסוֹ 23:26 מְנַשֶּׁה׃
2Kin 23:26 Yet the Lord did not turn from the great ferocity of His “anger” with which His “anger” burned against Judah over all the provocations by which Manasseh had provoked Him.
וַיֹּאמֶר יְהוָה גַּם אֶת־יְהוּדָה אָסִיר מֵעַל פָּנַי כַּאֲשֶׁר הֲסִרֹתִי אֶת־יִשְׂרָאֵל וּמָאַסְתִּי אֶת־הָעִיר הַזֹּאת 23:27 אֲשֶׁר־בָּחַרְתִּי אֶת־יְרוּשָׁלִַם וְאֶת־הַבַּיִת אֲשֶׁר אָמַרְתִּי יִהְיֶה שְׁמִי שָׁם׃
2Kin 23:27 And the Lord said, “I will remove Judah also from My face, as I removed Israel, and I will reject this city that I chose, Jerusalem, and the house of which I said, ‘My name shall be there.’”
וְיֶתֶר דִּבְרֵי יֹאשִׁיָּהוּ וְכָל־אֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה הֲלֹא־הֵם כְּתוּבִים עַל־סֵפֶר דִּבְרֵי הַיָּמִים לְמַלְכֵי יְהוּדָה׃ 23:28
2Kin 23:28 And the rest of the acts of Josiah and all that he accomplished, are they not written on the scroll of the chronicles of the days of the kings of Judah? [Return to 2Chr. 35:27]
בְּיָמָיו עָלָה פַרְעֹה נְכֹה מֶלֶךְ־מִצְרַיִם עַל־מֶלֶךְ אַשּׁוּר עַל־נְהַר־פְּרָת וַיֵּלֶךְ הַמֶּלֶךְ יֹאשִׁיָּהוּ לִקְרָאתוֹ 23:29 וַיְמִיתֵהוּ בִּמְגִדּוֹ כִּרְאֹתוֹ אֹתוֹ׃
2Kin 23:29 In his days Pharoah Necoh, king of Egypt, went up against the king of Assyria near the river Euphrates, and king Josiah went to seek him, and he slew him at Megiddo on his seeing him. [Return to 2Chr. 35:20]
וַיַּרְכִּבֻהוּ עֲבָדָיו מֵת מִמְּגִדּוֹ וַיְבִאֻהוּ יְרוּשָׁלִַם וַיִּקְבְּרֻהוּ בִּקְבֻרָתוֹ וַיִּקַּח עַם־הָאָרֶץ אֶת־יְהוֹאָחָז 23:30 בֶּן־יֹאשִׁיָּהוּ וַיִּמְשְׁחוּ אֹתוֹ וַיַּמְלִיכוּ אֹתוֹ תַּחַת אָבִיו׃
2Kin 23:30 And his servants rode him dead in a chariot from Megiddo and they brought him to Jerusalem and buried him in his sepulcher. Then the people of the land took Jehoahaz son of Josiah and anointed him and made him king in place of his father.
[Return to 2Chr. 35:24] [Return to 2Chr. 36:1]
בֶּן־עֶשְׂרִים וְשָׁלֹשׁ שָׁנָה יְהוֹאָחָז בְּמָלְכוֹ וּשְׁלֹשָׁה חֳדָשִׁים מָלַךְ בִּירוּשָׁלִָם וְשֵׁם אִמּוֹ חֲמוּטַל 23:31 בַּת־יִרְמְיָהוּ מִלִּבְנָה׃
2Kin 23:31 Jehoahaz was twenty-three years of age on his becoming king, and he was king in Jerusalem three months. And the name of his mother was Hamutal daughter of Jeremiah, from Libnah.
[Return to 2Kin. 24:18] [Return to Jere. 22:11] [Return to Jere. 52:1] [Return to 2Chr. 36:2]
וַיַּעַשׂ הָרַע בְּעֵינֵי יְהוָה כְּכֹל אֲשֶׁר־עָשׂוּ אֲבֹתָיו׃ 23:32
2Kin 23:32 And he did what was evil in the eyes of the Lord like all that his forefathers had done.
וַיַּאַסְרֵהוּ פַרְעֹה נְכֹה בְרִבְלָה בְּאֶרֶץ חֲמָת (בִּמְּלֹךְ) [מִמְּלֹךְ] בִּירוּשָׁלִָם וַיִּתֶּן־עֹנֶשׁ עַל־הָאָרֶץ מֵאָה 23:33 כִכַּר־כֶּסֶף וְכִכַּר זָהָב׃
2Kin 23:33 And Pharoah Necoh kept him at Riblah in the land of Hamath from reigning in Jerusalem, and he set a fine on the land of a hundred talents of silver and a talent of gold.
The word in parentheses has the wrong preposition prefix a beth, when it should be a mem. The correction is in the brackets.
וַיַּמְלֵךְ פַּרְעֹה נְכֹה אֶת־אֶלְיָקִים בֶּן־יֹאשִׁיָּהוּ תַּחַת יֹאשִׁיָּהוּ אָבִיו וַיַּסֵּב אֶת־שְׁמוֹ יְהוֹיָקִים 23:34 וְאֶת־יְהוֹאָחָז לָקָח וַיָּבֹא מִצְרַיִם וַיָּמָת שָׁם׃
2Kin 23:34 And Pharoah Necoh made Eliakim son of Josiah king in place of Josiah, his father, and changed his name to Jehoiakim, and he took Jehoahaz and brought to Egypt, and he died there. [Return to Jere. 22:11] [Return to 2Chr. 36:4]
וְהַכֶּסֶף וְהַזָּהָב נָתַן יְהוֹיָקִים לְפַרְעֹה אַךְ הֶעֱרִיךְ אֶת־הָאָרֶץ לָתֵת אֶת־הַכֶּסֶף עַל־פִּי פַרְעֹה אִישׁ 23:35 כְּעֶרְכּוֹ נָגַשׂ אֶת־הַכֶּסֶף וְאֶת־הַזָּהָב אֶת־עַם הָאָרֶץ לָתֵת לְפַרְעֹה נְכֹה׃
2Kin 23:35 And Jehoiakim gave the silver and the gold to Pharoah, only he taxed the land to get the money in accord with the command of Pharoah. Each according to his proportion, he taxed the people of the land the silver and the gold to give to Pharoah Necoh.
בֶּן־עֶשְׂרִים וְחָמֵשׁ שָׁנָה יְהוֹיָקִים בְּמָלְכוֹ וְאַחַת עֶשְׂרֵה שָׁנָה מָלַךְ בִּירוּשָׁלִָם וְשֵׁם אִמּוֹ (זְבִידָּה) 23:36 [זְבוּדָּה] בַת־פְּדָיָה מִן־רוּמָה׃
2Kin 23:36 Jehoiakim was twenty-five years of age on beginning his reign and he was king in Jerusalem eleven years. And the name of his mother was Zebudah daughter of Pedaiah, from Rumah.
The name Zebudah in the parentheses is misspelled. The yad should be a vav. The correction appears in the brackets.
וַיַּעַשׂ הָרַע בְּעֵינֵי יְהוָה כְּכֹל אֲשֶׁר־עָשׂוּ אֲבֹתָיו׃ 23:37
2Kin 23:37 And he did what was evil in the eyes of the Lord like all that his forefathers had done.
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